Source code for thewalrus.samples

# Copyright 2019 Xanadu Quantum Technologies Inc.

# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at

#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""
Sampling algorithms
===================

**Module name:** :mod:`thewalrus.samples`

.. currentmodule:: thewalrus.samples

This submodule provides access to algorithms to sample from the
hafnian or the torontonian of Gaussian quantum states.

Hafnian sampling
----------------

.. autosummary::
    generate_hafnian_sample
    hafnian_sample_state
    hafnian_sample_graph
    hafnian_sample_classical_state
    hafnian_sample_graph_rank_one

Torontonian sampling
--------------------

.. autosummary::
    generate_torontonian_sample
    torontonian_sample_state
    torontonian_sample_graph
    torontonian_sample_classical_state
    threshold_detection_prob

Brute force sampling
--------------------

.. autosummary::
    photon_number_sampler

Code details
------------
"""
# pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
import dask
import numpy as np
from scipy.special import factorial as fac

from thewalrus.loop_hafnian_batch import loop_hafnian_batch
from thewalrus.loop_hafnian_batch_gamma import loop_hafnian_batch_gamma
from thewalrus.decompositions import williamson

from ._torontonian import threshold_detection_prob
from .quantum import (
    Amat,
    Covmat,
    gen_Qmat_from_graph,
    is_classical_cov,
    photon_number_mean_vector,
)


__all__ = [
    "generate_hafnian_sample",
    "hafnian_sample_state",
    "hafnian_sample_graph",
    "hafnian_sample_classical_state",
    "hafnian_sample_graph_rank_one",
    "generate_torontonian_sample",
    "torontonian_sample_state",
    "torontonian_sample_graph",
    "torontonian_sample_classical_state",
    "threshold_detection_prob",
    "photon_number_sampler",
]

# ===============================================================================================
# Hafnian sampling
# ===============================================================================================


# pylint: disable=too-many-branches
def decompose_cov(cov):
    r"""Decompose the convariance matrix using the Williamson decomposition method.
    Code contributed by `Jake F.F. Bulmer <https://github.com/jakeffbulmer/gbs>`_ based on
    `arXiv:2108.01622 <https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.15595>`_.

    Args:
        cov (array): a :math:`2N\times 2N` covariance matrix
            representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained
            via the ``scovmavxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields.

    Return:
        T (array): Result of S x S.T.
        sqrtW (array): Result of S x (D-I).
    """
    m = cov.shape[0] // 2
    D, S = williamson(cov)
    T = S @ S.T
    DmI = D - np.eye(2 * m)
    DmI[abs(DmI) < 1e-11] = 0.0  # remove slightly negative values
    sqrtW = S @ np.sqrt(DmI)
    return T, sqrtW


def mu_to_alpha(mu, hbar=2):
    r"""Convert displacement into the mean displacement of each mode.
    Code contributed by `Jake F.F. Bulmer <https://github.com/jakeffbulmer/gbs>`_ based on
    `arXiv:2108.01622 <https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.15595>`_.

    Args:
        mu (array): a :math:`2N` vector of means representing the Gaussian
            state.
        hbar (float): (default 2) the value of :math:`\hbar` in the commutation
            relation :math:`[\x,\p]=i\hbar`.

    Returns:
        alpha (array): mean displacement of each mode.
    """
    M = len(mu) // 2
    # mean displacement of each mode
    alpha = (mu[:M] + 1j * mu[M:]) / np.sqrt(2 * hbar)
    return alpha


def invert_permutation(p):
    r"""Gives an array with p[0]th position 0, p[1]th position 1m p[2]th position 2 and so on.
    Code contributed by `Jake F.F. Bulmer <https://github.com/jakeffbulmer/gbs>`_ based on
    `arXiv:2108.01622 <https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.15595>`_.

    Args:
        p (arrary): input vector.

    Returns:
        s (array): reordered vector.

    """
    s = np.empty_like(p, dtype=int)
    s[p] = np.arange(p.size, dtype=int)
    return s


def photon_means_order(mu, cov):
    r"""Give which mode is which ranking (from 0 to length of vector) according
    to the number of mean photons of each mode.
    Code contributed by `Jake F.F. Bulmer <https://github.com/jakeffbulmer/gbs>`_ based on
    `arXiv:2108.01622 <https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.15595>`_.

    Args:
        mu (array): a :math:`2N` ``np.float64`` vector of means representing the Gaussian
            state.
        cov (array): a :math:`2N\times 2N` ``np.float64`` covariance matrix
            representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained
            via the ``scovmavxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields.

    Returns:
        order (array): vector telling which mode is which ranking on increasing mean number of photons.
    """
    means = photon_number_mean_vector(mu, cov)
    order = [x for _, x in sorted(zip(means, range(len(means))))]
    return np.asarray(order)


def get_heterodyne_fanout(alpha, fanout):
    r"""Get the heterodyne fanout using the mean displacement of each modes.
    Code contributed by `Jake F.F. Bulmer <https://github.com/jakeffbulmer/gbs>`_ based on
    `arXiv:2108.01622 <https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.15595>`_.

    Args:
        alpha (array): mean displacement of each modes.
        fanout (int): number of channels in which a state is splitted.

    Returns:
        alpha_fanout (array): mean displacement of each modes with fanout.
    """
    M = len(alpha)

    alpha_fanout = np.zeros((M, fanout), dtype=np.complex128)
    for j in range(M):
        alpha_j = np.zeros(fanout, dtype=np.complex128)
        alpha_j[0] = alpha[j]  # put the coherent state in 0th mode
        alpha_j[1:] = np.random.normal(size=fanout - 1) + 1j * np.random.normal(size=fanout - 1)

        alpha_fanout[j, :] = np.fft.fft(alpha_j, norm="ortho")

    return alpha_fanout


# pylint: disable=too-many-branches
[docs] def generate_hafnian_sample(cov, mean=None, hbar=2, cutoff=12, max_photons=8): r"""Returns a single sample from the Hafnian of a Gaussian state. Code contributed by `Jake F.F. Bulmer <https://github.com/jakeffbulmer/gbs>`_ based on `arXiv:2108.01622 <https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.15595>`_. Args: cov (array): a :math:`2N\times 2N` ``np.float64`` covariance matrix representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained via the ``scovmavxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields. mean (array): a :math:`2N` ``np.float64`` vector of means representing the Gaussian state. hbar (float): (default 2) the value of :math:`\hbar` in the commutation relation :math:`[\x,\p]=i\hbar`. cutoff (int): the Fock basis truncation. max_photons (int): specifies the maximum number of photons that can be counted. Returns: np.array[int]: a photon number sample from the Gaussian states. """ mu = mean M = cov.shape[0] // 2 if mu is None: mu = np.zeros(2 * M) order = photon_means_order(mu, cov) order_inv = invert_permutation(order) oo = np.concatenate((order, order + M)) mu = mu[oo] cov = cov[np.ix_(oo, oo)] T, sqrtW = decompose_cov(cov) chol_T_I = np.linalg.cholesky(T + np.eye(2 * M)) B = Amat(T)[:M, :M] det_outcomes = np.arange(cutoff + 1) det_pattern = np.zeros(M, dtype=int) pure_mu = mu + sqrtW @ np.random.normal(size=2 * M) pure_alpha = mu_to_alpha(pure_mu, hbar=hbar) heterodyne_mu = pure_mu + chol_T_I @ np.random.normal(size=2 * M) heterodyne_alpha = mu_to_alpha(heterodyne_mu, hbar=hbar) gamma = pure_alpha.conj() + B @ (heterodyne_alpha - pure_alpha) for mode in range(M): m = mode + 1 gamma -= heterodyne_alpha[mode] * B[:, mode] lhafs = loop_hafnian_batch(B[:m, :m], gamma[:m], det_pattern[:mode], cutoff) probs = (lhafs * lhafs.conj()).real / fac(det_outcomes) norm_probs = probs.sum() probs /= norm_probs det_outcome_i = np.random.choice(det_outcomes, p=probs) det_pattern[mode] = det_outcome_i if det_pattern[order_inv][-1] == cutoff: return -1 if det_pattern[order_inv].sum() > max_photons: return -1 return list(det_pattern[order_inv])
def _hafnian_sample(args): r"""Returns samples from the Hafnian of a Gaussian state. Note: this is a wrapper function, instead of using this function directly, please use either :func:`torontonian_sample_state` or :func:`torontonian_sample_graph`. Args: args (list): a list containing the following parameters: cov (array) a :math:`2N\times 2N` ``np.float64`` covariance matrix representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained via the ``scovmavxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields. samples (int) the number of samples to return. mean (array): a :math:`2N` ``np.float64`` vector of means representing the Gaussian state. hbar (float) the value of :math:`\hbar` in the commutation relation :math:`[\x,\p]=i\hbar`. cutoff (int) the Fock basis truncation. max_photons (int) specifies the maximum number of photons that can be counted. Returns: np.array[int]: photon number samples from the Gaussian state """ cov, samples, mean, hbar, cutoff, max_photons = args if not isinstance(cov, np.ndarray): raise TypeError("Covariance matrix must be a NumPy array.") matshape = cov.shape if matshape[0] != matshape[1]: raise ValueError("Covariance matrix must be square.") if np.isnan(cov).any(): raise ValueError("Covariance matrix must not contain NaNs.") samples_array = [] j = 0 while j < samples: result = generate_hafnian_sample( cov, mean=mean, hbar=hbar, cutoff=cutoff, max_photons=max_photons ) if result != -1: # if result == -1, then you never get anything beyond cutoff samples_array.append(result) j = j + 1 return np.vstack(samples_array)
[docs] def hafnian_sample_state( cov, samples, mean=None, hbar=2, cutoff=5, max_photons=30, parallel=False, ): r"""Returns samples from the Hafnian of a Gaussian state. Args: cov (array): a :math:`2N\times 2N` ``np.float64`` covariance matrix representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained via the ``scovmavxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields. samples (int): the number of samples to return. mean (array): a :math:`2N` ``np.float64`` vector of means representing the Gaussian state. hbar (float): (default 2) the value of :math:`\hbar` in the commutation relation :math:`[\x,\p]=i\hbar`. cutoff (int): the Fock basis truncation. max_photons (int): specifies the maximum number of photons that can be counted. parallel (bool): if ``True``, uses ``dask`` for parallelization of samples Returns: np.array[int]: photon number samples from the Gaussian state """ if parallel: params = [[cov, 1, mean, hbar, cutoff, max_photons]] * samples compute_list = [] for p in params: compute_list.append(dask.delayed(_hafnian_sample)(p)) results = dask.compute(*compute_list, scheduler="threads") return np.vstack(results) params = [cov, samples, mean, hbar, cutoff, max_photons] return _hafnian_sample(params)
[docs] def hafnian_sample_graph(A, n_mean, samples=1, cutoff=5, max_photons=30, parallel=False): r"""Returns samples from the Gaussian state specified by the adjacency matrix :math:`A` and with total mean photon number :math:`n_{mean}` Args: A (array): a :math:`N\times N` ``np.float64`` (symmetric) adjacency matrix matrix n_mean (float): mean photon number of the Gaussian state samples (int): the number of samples to return. cutoff (int): the Fock basis truncation. max_photons (int): specifies the maximum number of photons that can be counted. parallel (bool): if ``True``, uses ``dask`` for parallelization of samples Returns: np.array[int]: photon number samples from the Gaussian state """ Q = gen_Qmat_from_graph(A, n_mean) cov = Covmat(Q, hbar=2) return hafnian_sample_state( cov, samples, mean=None, hbar=2, cutoff=cutoff, max_photons=max_photons, parallel=parallel, )
# =============================================================================================== # Torontonian sampling # ===============================================================================================
[docs] def generate_torontonian_sample(cov, mu=None, hbar=2, max_photons=30, fanout=10, cutoff=1): r"""Returns a single sample from the Hafnian of a Gaussian state. Code contributed by `Jake F.F. Bulmer <https://github.com/jakeffbulmer/gbs>`_ based on `arXiv:2108.01622 <https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.15595>`_. Args: cov (array): a :math:`2N\times 2N` ``np.float64`` covariance matrix representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained via the ``scovmavxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields. mu (array): a :math:`2N` ``np.float64`` displacement vector representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained via the ``smeanxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields. hbar (float): (default 2) the value of :math:`\hbar` in the commutation relation :math:`[\x,\p]=i\hbar`. max_photons (int): specifies the maximum number of clicks that can be counted. Returns: np.array[int]: a threshold sample from the Gaussian state. """ M = cov.shape[0] // 2 if mu is None: mu = np.zeros(2 * M) order = photon_means_order(mu, cov) order_inv = invert_permutation(order) oo = np.concatenate((order, order + M)) mu = mu[oo] cov = cov[np.ix_(oo, oo)] T, sqrtW = decompose_cov(cov) chol_T_I = np.linalg.cholesky(T + np.eye(2 * M)) B = Amat(T)[:M, :M] / fanout det_outcomes = np.arange(cutoff + 1) det_pattern = np.zeros(M, dtype=int) click_pattern = np.zeros(M, dtype=np.int8) fanout_clicks = np.zeros(M, dtype=int) pure_mu = mu + sqrtW @ np.random.normal(size=2 * M) pure_alpha = mu_to_alpha(pure_mu, hbar=hbar) het_mu = pure_mu + chol_T_I @ np.random.normal(size=2 * M) het_alpha = mu_to_alpha(het_mu, hbar=hbar) het_alpha_fanout = get_heterodyne_fanout(het_alpha, fanout) het_alpha_sum = het_alpha_fanout.sum(axis=1) gamma = pure_alpha.conj() / np.sqrt(fanout) + B @ (het_alpha_sum - np.sqrt(fanout) * pure_alpha) gamma_fanout = np.zeros((fanout, M), dtype=np.complex128) for mode in range(M): gamma_fanout[0, :] = gamma - het_alpha_fanout[mode, 0] * B[:, mode] for k in range(1, fanout): gamma_fanout[k, :] = gamma_fanout[k - 1, :] - het_alpha_fanout[mode, k] * B[:, mode] lhafs = loop_hafnian_batch_gamma( B[: mode + 1, : mode + 1], gamma_fanout[:, : mode + 1], det_pattern[:mode], cutoff, ) probs = (lhafs * lhafs.conj()).real / fac(det_outcomes) for k in range(fanout): gamma = gamma_fanout[k, :] probs_k = probs[k, :] / probs[k, :].sum() det_outcome = np.random.choice(det_outcomes, p=probs_k) det_pattern[mode] += det_outcome if det_outcome > 0: click_pattern[mode] = 1 fanout_clicks[mode] = k break if sum(click_pattern[order_inv]) > max_photons: return -1 return list(click_pattern[order_inv])
def _torontonian_sample(args): r"""Returns samples from the Torontonian of a Gaussian state. Note: this is a wrapper function, instead of using this function directly, please use either :func:`torontonian_sample_state` or :func:`torontonian_sample_graph`. Args: args (list): a list containing the following parameters: cov (array) a :math:`2N\times 2N` ``np.float64`` covariance matrix representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained via the ``scovmavxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields. samples (int) number of samples to generate mu (array) a :math:`2N` ``np.float64`` displacement vector representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained via the ``smeanxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields. hbar (float) the value of :math:`\hbar` in the commutation relation :math:`[\x,\p]=i\hbar`. max_photons (int) specifies the maximum number of clicks that can be counted. Returns: np.array[int]: threshold samples from the Gaussian state. """ cov, samples, mu, hbar, max_photons, fanout, cutoff = args if not isinstance(cov, np.ndarray): raise TypeError("Covariance matrix must be a NumPy array.") matshape = cov.shape if matshape[0] != matshape[1]: raise ValueError("Covariance matrix must be square.") if np.isnan(cov).any(): raise ValueError("Covariance matrix must not contain NaNs.") samples_array = [] j = 0 while j < samples: result = generate_torontonian_sample( cov, mu, hbar=hbar, max_photons=max_photons, fanout=fanout, cutoff=cutoff ) if result != -1: samples_array.append(result) j = j + 1 return np.vstack(samples_array)
[docs] def torontonian_sample_state( cov, samples, mu=None, hbar=2, max_photons=30, fanout=10, cutoff=1, parallel=False ): r"""Returns samples from the Torontonian of a Gaussian state Args: cov(array): a :math:`2N\times 2N` ``np.float64`` covariance matrix representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained via the ``scovmavxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields. samples (int): number of samples to generate mu (array): a :math:`2N` ``np.float64`` displacement vector representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained via the ``smeanxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields. hbar (float): (default 2) the value of :math:`\hbar` in the commutation relation :math:`[\x,\p]=i\hbar`. max_photons (int): specifies the maximum number of clicks that can be counted. parallel (bool): if ``True``, uses ``dask`` for parallelization of samples Returns: np.array[int]: threshold samples from the Gaussian state. """ if not isinstance(cov, np.ndarray): raise TypeError("Covariance matrix must be a NumPy array.") if mu is None: M = cov.shape[0] // 2 mu = np.zeros(2 * M, dtype=np.float64) if parallel: params = [[cov, 1, mu, hbar, max_photons, fanout, cutoff]] * samples compute_list = [] for p in params: compute_list.append(dask.delayed(_torontonian_sample)(p)) results = dask.compute(*compute_list, scheduler="threads") return np.vstack(results) params = [cov, samples, mu, hbar, max_photons, fanout, cutoff] return _torontonian_sample(params)
[docs] def torontonian_sample_graph( A, n_mean, samples=1, max_photons=30, fanout=10, cutoff=1, parallel=False ): r"""Returns samples from the Torontonian of a Gaussian state specified by the adjacency matrix :math:`A` and with total mean photon number :math:`n_{mean}` Args: A (array): a :math:`N\times N` ``np.float64`` (symmetric) adjacency matrix matrix n_mean (float): mean photon number of the Gaussian state samples (int): the number of samples to return. max_photons (int): specifies the maximum number of photons that can be counted. parallel (bool): if ``True``, uses ``dask`` for parallelization of samples Returns: np.array[int]: photon number samples from the Torontonian of the Gaussian state """ Q = gen_Qmat_from_graph(A, n_mean) cov = Covmat(Q, hbar=2) return torontonian_sample_state( cov, samples, hbar=2, max_photons=max_photons, fanout=fanout, cutoff=cutoff, parallel=parallel, )
# pylint: disable=unused-argument
[docs] def hafnian_sample_classical_state( cov, samples, mean=None, hbar=2, atol=1e-08, cutoff=None ): # add cutoff for consistency pylint: disable=unused-argument r"""Returns samples from a Gaussian state that has a positive :math:`P` function. Args: cov(array): a :math:`2N\times 2N` ``np.float64`` covariance matrix representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained via the ``scovmavxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields. samples (int): number of samples to generate mean (array): vector of means of the gaussian state hbar (float): the value of :math:`\hbar` in the commutation relation :math:`[\x,\p]=i\hbar`. sigdigits (integer): precision to check that the covariance matrix is a true covariance matrix of a gaussian state. Returns: np.array[int]: photon number samples from the Gaussian state with covariance cov and vector means mean. """ if not is_classical_cov(cov, hbar=hbar, atol=atol): raise ValueError("Not a classical covariance matrix") (n, _) = cov.shape if mean is None: mean = np.zeros([n]) else: if mean.shape != (n,): raise ValueError("mean and cov do not have compatible shapes") R = np.random.multivariate_normal(mean, cov - 0.5 * hbar * np.identity(n), samples) N = n // 2 alpha = (1.0 / np.sqrt(2 * hbar)) * (R[:, 0:N] + 1j * R[:, N : 2 * N]) samples = np.random.poisson(np.abs(alpha) ** 2) return samples
[docs] def torontonian_sample_classical_state(cov, samples, mean=None, hbar=2, atol=1e-08): r"""Returns threshold samples from a Gaussian state that has a positive P function. Args: cov(array): a :math:`2N\times 2N` ``np.float64`` covariance matrix representing an :math:`N` mode quantum state. This can be obtained via the ``scovmavxp`` method of the Gaussian backend of Strawberry Fields. samples (int): number of samples to generate mean (array): vector of means of the Gaussian state hbar (float): the value of :math:`\hbar` in the commutation relation :math:`[\x,\p]=i\hbar`. sigdigits (integer): precision to check that the covariance matrix is a true covariance matrix of a gaussian state. Returns: np.array[int]: threshold samples from the Gaussian state with covariance cov and vector means mean. """ return np.where( hafnian_sample_classical_state(cov, samples, mean=mean, hbar=hbar, atol=atol) > 0, 1, 0, )
[docs] def photon_number_sampler(probabilities, num_samples, out_of_bounds=False): """Given a photon-number probability mass function(PMF) it returns samples according to said PMF. Args: probabilities (array): probability tensor of the modes, has shape ``[cutoff]*num_modes`` num_samples (int): number of samples requested out_of_bounds (boolean): if ``False`` the probability distribution is renormalized. If not ``False``, the value of ``out_of_bounds`` is used as a placeholder for samples where more than the cutoff of probabilities are detected. Returns: (array): Samples, with shape [num_sample, num_modes] """ num_modes = len(probabilities.shape) cutoff = probabilities.shape[0] sum_p = np.sum(probabilities) if out_of_bounds is False: probabilities = probabilities.flatten() / sum_p vals = np.arange(cutoff**num_modes, dtype=int) return [ np.unravel_index(np.random.choice(vals, p=probabilities), [cutoff] * num_modes) for _ in range(num_samples) ] upper_limit = cutoff**num_modes def sorter(index): if index == upper_limit: return out_of_bounds return np.unravel_index(index, [cutoff] * num_modes) vals = np.arange(1 + cutoff**num_modes, dtype=int) probabilities = np.append(probabilities.flatten(), 1.0 - sum_p) return [sorter(np.random.choice(vals, p=probabilities)) for _ in range(num_samples)]
def seed(seed_val=None): r"""Seeds the random number generator used in the sampling algorithms. This function is a wrapper around ``numpy.random.seed()``. By setting the seed to a specific integer, the sampling algorithms will exhibit deterministic behaviour. Args: seed_val (int): Seed for RandomState. Must be convertible to 32 bit unsigned integers. """ np.random.seed(seed_val) def _hafnian_sample_graph_rank_one(G, n_mean): r"""Returns a sample from a rank one adjacency matrix `\bm{A} = \bm{G} \bm{G}^T` where :math:`\bm{G}` is a row vector. Args: G (array): factorization of the rank-one matrix A = G @ G.T. nmean (float): Total mean photon number. Returns: (array): sample. """ s = np.arcsinh(np.sqrt(n_mean)) q = 1.0 - np.tanh(s) ** 2 total_photon_num = 2 * np.random.negative_binomial(0.5, q, 1)[0] sample = np.zeros(len(G)) single_ph_ps = np.abs(G) ** 2 single_ph_ps /= np.sum(single_ph_ps) for _ in range(total_photon_num): detector = np.random.choice(len(G), p=single_ph_ps) sample[detector] += 1 return sample
[docs] def hafnian_sample_graph_rank_one(G, n_mean, samples=1): r"""Returns samples from a rank one adjacency matrix `\bm{A} = \bm{G} \bm{G}^T` where :math:`\bm{G}` is a row vector. Args: G (array): factorization of the rank-one matrix A = G @ G.T. nmean (float): Total mean photon number. samples (int): the number of samples to return. Returns (array): samples. """ return np.array([_hafnian_sample_graph_rank_one(G, n_mean) for _ in range(samples)])

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