Python library¶
This is the top level module of the The Walrus Python interface, containing functions for computing the hafnian, loop hafnian, and torontonian of matrices.
Algorithm terminology¶
- Eigenvalue hafnian algorithm
The algorithm described in A faster hafnian formula for complex matrices and its benchmarking on a supercomputer, [6]. This algorithm scales like \(\mathcal{O}(n^3 2^{n/2})\), and supports calculation of the loop hafnian.
- Recursive hafnian algorithm
The algorithm described in Counting perfect matchings as fast as Ryser [5]. This algorithm scales like \(\mathcal{O}(n^4 2^{n/2})\). This algorithm does not currently support the loop hafnian.
- Repeating hafnian algorithm
The algorithm described in From moments of sum to moments of product, [2]. This method is more efficient for matrices with repeated rows and columns, and supports caclulation of the loop hafnian.
- Approximate hafnian algorithm
The algorithm described in Polynomial time algorithms to approximate permanents and mixed discriminants within a simply exponential factor, [14]. This algorithm allows us to efficiently approximate the hafnian of matrices with non-negative elements. This is done by sampling determinants; the larger the number of samples taken, the higher the accuracy.
- Batched hafnian algorithm
An algorithm that allows the calculation of hafnians of all reductions of a given matrix up to the cutoff (resolution) provided. Internally, this algorithm makes use of the multidimensional Hermite polynomials as per The calculation of multidimensional Hermite polynomials and Gram-Charlier coefficients [18].
- Low-rank hafnian algorithm
An algorithm that allows to calculate the hafnian of an \(r\)-rank matrix \(\bm{A}\) of size \(n \times n\) by factorizing it as \(\bm{A} = \bm{G} \bm{G}^T\) where \(\bm{G}\) is of size \(n \times r\). The algorithm is described in Appendix C of A faster hafnian formula for complex matrices and its benchmarking on a supercomputer, [6].
Python wrappers¶
|
Returns the hafnian of a matrix. |
|
Returns the hafnian of matrix with repeated rows/columns. |
|
Calculates the hafnian of |
|
Returns the Torontonian of a matrix. |
|
Returns the permanent of a matrix via the Ryser formula. |
|
Calculates the permanent of matrix \(A\), where the ith row/column of \(A\) is repeated \(rpt_i\) times. |
|
Returns the multidimensional Hermite polynomials \(H_k^{(R)}(y)\). |
Pure Python functions¶
|
Calculates the reduction of an array by a vector of indices. |
|
Get version number of The Walrus |
|
Returns the hafnian of the low rank matrix \(\bm{A} = \bm{G} \bm{G}^T\) where \(\bm{G}\) is rectangular of size \(n \times r\) with \(r \leq n\). |
-
hafnian
(A, loop=False, recursive=True, tol=1e-12, quad=True, approx=False, num_samples=1000)[source]¶ Returns the hafnian of a matrix.
For more direct control, you may wish to call
haf_real()
,haf_complex()
, orhaf_int()
directly.- Parameters
A (array) – a square, symmetric array of even dimensions.
loop (bool) – If
True
, the loop hafnian is returned. Default isFalse
.recursive (bool) – If
True
, the recursive algorithm is used. Note: the recursive algorithm does not currently support the loop hafnian. Ifloop=True
, then this keyword argument is ignored.tol (float) – the tolerance when checking that the matrix is symmetric. Default tolerance is 1e-12.
quad (bool) – If
True
, the hafnian algorithm is performed with quadruple precision.approx (bool) – If
True
, an approximation algorithm is used to estimate the hafnian. Note that the approximation algorithm can only be applied to matricesA
that only have non-negative entries.num_samples (int) – If
approx=True
, the approximation algorithm performsnum_samples
iterations for estimation of the hafnian of the non-negative matrixA
.
- Returns
the hafnian of matrix A.
- Return type
np.int64 or np.float64 or np.complex128
-
hafnian_repeated
(A, rpt, mu=None, loop=False, tol=1e-12)[source]¶ Returns the hafnian of matrix with repeated rows/columns.
The
reduction()
function may be used to show the resulting matrix with repeated rows and columns as perrpt
.As a result, the following are identical:
>>> hafnian_repeated(A, rpt) >>> hafnian(reduction(A, rpt))
However, using
hafnian_repeated
in the case where there are a large number of repeated rows and columns (\(\sum_{i}rpt_i \gg N\)) can be significantly faster.Note
If \(rpt=(1, 1, \dots, 1)\), then
>>> hafnian_repeated(A, rpt) == hafnian(A)
For more direct control, you may wish to call
haf_rpt_real()
orhaf_rpt_complex()
directly.- Parameters
A (array) – a square, symmetric \(N\times N\) array.
rpt (Sequence) – a length-\(N\) positive integer sequence, corresponding to the number of times each row/column of matrix \(A\) is repeated.
mu (array) – a vector of length \(N\) representing the vector of means/displacement. If not provided,
mu
is set to the diagonal of matrixA
. Note that this only affects the loop hafnian.loop (bool) – If
True
, the loop hafnian is returned. Default isFalse
.use_eigen (bool) – if True (default), the Eigen linear algebra library is used for matrix multiplication. If the hafnian library was compiled with BLAS/Lapack support, then BLAS will be used for matrix multiplication.
tol (float) – the tolerance when checking that the matrix is symmetric. Default tolerance is 1e-12.
- Returns
the hafnian of matrix A.
- Return type
np.int64 or np.float64 or np.complex128
-
hafnian_batched
(A, cutoff, mu=None, tol=1e-12, renorm=False, make_tensor=True)[source]¶ Calculates the hafnian of
reduction(A, k)
for all possible values of vectork
below the specified cutoff.Here,
\(A\) is am \(n\times n\) square matrix
\(k\) is a vector of (non-negative) integers with the same dimensions as \(A\), i.e., \(k = (k_0,k_1,\ldots,k_{n-1})\), and where \(0 \leq k_j < \texttt{cutoff}\).
The function
hafnian_repeated()
can be used to calculate the reduced hafnian for a specific value of \(k\); see the documentation for more information.Note
If
mu
is notNone
, this function instead returnshafnian(np.fill_diagonal(reduction(A, k), reduction(mu, k)), loop=True)
. This calculation can only be performed if the matrix \(A\) is invertible.- Parameters
A (array) – a square, symmetric \(N\times N\) array.
cutoff (int) – maximum size of the subindices in the Hermite polynomial
mu (array) – a vector of length \(N\) representing the vector of means/displacement
renorm (bool) – If
True
, the returned hafnians are normalized, that is, \(haf(reduction(A, k))/\ \sqrt{prod_i k_i!}\) (or \(lhaf(fill\_diagonal(reduction(A, k),reduction(mu, k)))\) ifmu
is not None)make_tensor – If
False
, returns a flattened one dimensional array instead of a tensor with the values of the hafnians.
- Returns
the values of the hafnians for each value of \(k\) up to the cutoff
- Return type
(array)
-
tor
(A, fsum=False)[source]¶ Returns the Torontonian of a matrix.
For more direct control, you may wish to call
tor_real()
ortor_complex()
directly.The input matrix is cast to quadruple precision internally for a quadruple precision torontonian computation.
- Parameters
A (array) – a np.complex128, square, symmetric array of even dimensions.
fsum (bool) – if
True
, the Shewchuck algorithm for more accurate summation is performed. This can significantly increase the accuracy of the computation, but no casting to quadruple precision takes place, as the Shewchuck algorithm only supports double precision.
- Returns
the torontonian of matrix A.
- Return type
np.float64 or np.complex128
-
perm
(A, quad=True, fsum=False)[source]¶ Returns the permanent of a matrix via the Ryser formula.
For more direct control, you may wish to call
perm_real()
orperm_complex()
directly.- Parameters
A (array) – a square array.
quad (bool) – If
True
, the input matrix is cast to along double
matrix internally for a quadruple precision hafnian computation.fsum (bool) – Whether to use the
fsum
method for higher accuracy summation. Note that iffsum
is true, double precision will be used, and thequad
keyword argument will be ignored.
- Returns
the permanent of matrix A.
- Return type
np.float64 or np.complex128
-
permanent_repeated
(A, rpt)[source]¶ Calculates the permanent of matrix \(A\), where the ith row/column of \(A\) is repeated \(rpt_i\) times.
This function constructs the matrix
\[\begin{split}B = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & A\\ A^T & 0 \end{bmatrix},\end{split}\]and then calculates \(perm(A)=haf(B)\), by calling
>>> hafnian_repeated(B, rpt*2, loop=False)
- Parameters
A (array) – matrix of size [N, N]
rpt (Sequence) – sequence of N positive integers indicating the corresponding rows/columns of A to be repeated.
- Returns
the permanent of matrix A.
- Return type
np.int64 or np.float64 or np.complex128
-
reduction
(A, rpt)[source]¶ Calculates the reduction of an array by a vector of indices.
This is equivalent to repeating the ith row/column of \(A\), \(rpt_i\) times.
- Parameters
A (array) – matrix of size [N, N]
rpt (Sequence) – sequence of N positive integers indicating the corresponding rows/columns of A to be repeated.
- Returns
the reduction of A by the index vector rpt
- Return type
array
-
hermite_multidimensional
(R, cutoff, y=None, renorm=False, make_tensor=True, modified=False)[source]¶ Returns the multidimensional Hermite polynomials \(H_k^{(R)}(y)\).
Here \(R\) is an \(n \times n\) square matrix, and \(y\) is an \(n\) dimensional vector. The polynomials are parametrized by the multi-index \(k=(k_0,k_1,\ldots,k_{n-1})\), and are calculated for all values \(0 \leq k_j < \text{cutoff}\), thus a tensor of dimensions \(\text{cutoff}^n\) is returned.
This tensor can either be flattened into a vector or returned as an actual tensor with \(n\) indices.
Note
Note that if \(R = (1)\) then \(H_k^{(R)}(y)\) are precisely the well known probabilists’ Hermite polynomials \(He_k(y)\), and if \(R = (2)\) then \(H_k^{(R)}(y)\) are precisely the well known physicists’ Hermite polynomials \(H_k(y)\).
- Parameters
R (array) – square matrix parametrizing the Hermite polynomial family
cutoff (int) – maximum size of the subindices in the Hermite polynomial
y (array) – vector argument of the Hermite polynomial
renorm (bool) – If
True
, normalizes the returned multidimensional Hermite polynomials such that \(H_k^{(R)}(y)/\prod_i k_i!\)make_tensor (bool) – If
False
, returns a flattened one dimensional array containing the values of the polynomialmodified (bool) – whether to return the modified multidimensional Hermite polynomials or the standard ones
- Returns
the multidimensional Hermite polynomials
- Return type
(array)
Contents
Downloads